Transparent Elements

Whew! That last chapter was a doozy. Let's slow things down a bit for this chapter: Short and sweet.

Let's think back to the "Dynamic HTML" and "Intro to Components" chapters, where we were building our File and FileList components:

React
Angular
Vue

const File = ({ href, fileName, isSelected, onSelected, isFolder }) => {	const [inputDate, setInputDate] = useState(new Date());	// ...	return (		<button			onClick={onSelected}			style={				isSelected					? { backgroundColor: "blue", color: "white" }					: { backgroundColor: "white", color: "blue" }			}		>			{fileName}			{isFolder ? <span>Type: Folder</span> : <span>Type: File</span>}			{!isFolder && <FileDate inputDate={inputDate} />}		</button>	);};const FileList = () => {	// ...	return (		// ...		<ul>			{filesArray.map((file, i) => (				<li key={file.id}>					{(!onlyShowFiles || !file.isFolder) && (						<File							isSelected={selectedIndex === i}							onSelected={() => onSelected(i)}							fileName={file.fileName}							href={file.href}							isFolder={file.isFolder}						/>					)}				</li>			))}		</ul>		// ...	);};

@Component({	selector: "file-item",	standalone: true,	imports: [FileDateComponent],	template: `		<button			(click)="selected.emit()"			[style]="				isSelected					? 'background-color: blue; color: white'					: 'background-color: white; color: blue'			"		>			{{ fileName }}			@if (isFolder) {				<span>Type: Folder</span>			} @else {				<span>Type: File</span>			}			@if (!isFolder) {				<file-date [inputDate]="inputDate" />			}		</button>	`,})class FileComponent implements OnInit, OnDestroy {	@Input() fileName!: string;	@Input() href!: string;	@Input() isSelected!: boolean;	@Input() isFolder!: boolean;	@Output() selected = new EventEmitter();	inputDate = new Date();	// ...}@Component({	selector: "file-list",	standalone: true,	imports: [FileComponent],	template: `		<!-- ... -->		<ul>			@for (file of filesArray; let i = $index; track file.id) {				<li>					@if (onlyShowFiles ? !file.isFolder : true) {						<file-item							(selected)="onSelected(i)"							[isSelected]="selectedIndex === i"							[fileName]="file.fileName"							[href]="file.href"							[isFolder]="file.isFolder"						/>					}				</li>			}		</ul>		<!-- ... -->	`,})class FileListComponent {	// ...}

<!-- File.vue --><script setup>import { ref, onMounted, onUnmounted } from "vue";import FileDate from "./FileDate.vue";const props = defineProps(["isSelected", "isFolder", "fileName", "href"]);const emit = defineEmits(["selected"]);const inputDate = ref(new Date());// ...</script><template>	<button		v-on:click="emit('selected')"		:style="			isSelected				? 'background-color: blue; color: white'				: 'background-color: white; color: blue'		"	>		{{ fileName }}		<span v-if="isFolder">Type: Folder</span>		<span v-else>Type: File</span>		<FileDate v-if="!isFolder" :inputDate="inputDate" />	</button></template>

<!-- FileList.vue --><script setup>// ...</script><template>	<!-- ... -->	<ul>		<li v-for="(file, i) in filesArray" :key="file.id">			<File				v-if="onlyShowFiles ? !file.isFolder : true"				@selected="onSelected(i)"				:isSelected="selectedIndex === i"				:fileName="file.fileName"				:href="file.href"				:isFolder="file.isFolder"			/>		</li>	</ul>	<!-- ... --></template>

While this theoretically works, there's a significant problem with it. Let's take a look at what the HTML looks like when rendering with onlyShowFiles=true and the following filesArray:

[	{		fileName: "File one",		href: "/file/file_one",		isFolder: false,		id: 1,	},	{		fileName: "Folder one",		href: "",		isFolder: true,		id: 2,	},];

Because our conditional statement is on the li when rendered to the DOM, it might look something like this:

<!-- ... --><ul>	<li>		<!-- File Component -->		<button>...</button>	</li>	<li></li></ul><!-- ... -->

While this might not seem like a big problem at first, the fact that there's an empty li in the middle of our ul introduces three issues:

It will leave an empty space created by any styling you have applied to the li.
Any assistive technologies, like screen readers, will read out that there's an empty item, which is a confusing behavior for those users.
Any search engines reading data off of your page may incorrectly assume that your list is intentionally empty, thus potentially impacting your ranking on sites.

Solving these issues is where something called "transparent elements" comes into play. See, ideally, what we want to have is something like a tag that renders to nothing.

This means that if we could instead generate something like the following pseudo-syntax in framework code:

<ul>	<nothing>		<li>			<button>...</button>		</li>	</nothing>	<nothing></nothing></ul>

We could render this into the DOM itself:

<ul>	<li>		<button>...</button>	</li></ul>

Luckily for us, each of the three frameworks provides a method for doing so, simply with a different syntax. Let's see how each framework does so:

React
Angular
Vue

In React, we use something called a "Fragment" in place of the nothing component.

import { Fragment } from "react";// ...<ul>	{filesArray.map((file, i) => (		<Fragment key={file.id}>			{(!onlyShowFiles || !file.isFolder) && (				<li>					<File						isSelected={selectedIndex === i}						onSelected={() => onSelected(i)}						fileName={file.fileName}						href={file.href}						isFolder={file.isFolder}					/>				</li>			)}		</Fragment>	))}</ul>;

`Fragment` Alternative Syntax

Fragment also has an alternative syntax in JSX. Instead of <Fragment></Fragment>, you can simply do <></>. This shorthand removes the need for the import and makes the above code sample read like this:

<ul>	{filesArray.map((file, i) => (		<>			{(!onlyShowFiles || !file.isFolder) && (				<li>					<File />				</li>			)}		</>	))}</ul>

You may notice that <> syntax for Fragment does not have a key associated with it. This is because the <> syntax does not allow you to have props associated with it.

However, this means that your loop will still misbehave and add performance overhead as a penalty for not including key (as we discussed in the "Dynamic HTML" chapter). For this reason, when inside a map loop, you'll want to use Fragment with a key property associated with it.

Angular's version of the nothing element is the ng-container element.

<ul>	@for (file of filesArray; let i = $index; track file.id) {		<ng-container>			@if (onlyShowFiles ? !file.isFolder : true) {				<li>					<file-item						(selected)="onSelected(i)"						[isSelected]="selectedIndex === i"						[fileName]="file.fileName"						[href]="file.href"						[isFolder]="file.isFolder"					/>				</li>			}		</ng-container>	}</ul>

However, unlike React and Vue; we don't need to use ng-container in this example. Angular allows us to have multiple elements at the root of any control flow block, so we can remove the ng-container and have the following:

<ul>	@for (file of filesArray; let i = $index; track file.id) {		@if (onlyShowFiles ? !file.isFolder : true) {			<li>				<file-item					(selected)="onSelected(i)"					[isSelected]="selectedIndex === i"					[fileName]="file.fileName"					[href]="file.href"					[isFolder]="file.isFolder"				/>			</li>		}	}</ul>

This has the same effect as the previous example, but with less code. We'll continue to use ng-container in this chapter to keep the examples consistent with other frameworks, but there's little need for it in most modern Angular codebases.

To render out something akin to a nothing element, we can use a template element with a v-for or v-if associated with it.

<template>	<ul>		<template v-for="(file, i) of filesArray" :key="file.id">			<li v-if="onlyShowFiles ? !file.isFolder : true">				<File					@selected="onSelected(i)"					:isSelected="selectedIndex === i"					:fileName="file.fileName"					:href="file.href"					:isFolder="file.isFolder"				/>			</li>		</template>	</ul></template>

Stacking Transparent Elements

Just as a quick note, not only can these nothing elements be used once, but they can be stacked back-to-back to do... Well, nothing!

Here are some code samples that render out the following:

<p>Test</p>

React
Angular
Vue

<>	<>		<>			<p>Test</p>		</>	</></>

<ng-container>	<ng-container>		<ng-container>			<p>Test</p>		</ng-container>	</ng-container></ng-container>

While the other frameworks have a more 1:1 mapping between our pseudo-syntax nothing, Vue has a slightly different approach due to its reuse of the existing HTML <template> tag.

By default, if you render a template in Vue in any other place besides the root, it will render nothing to the screen:

<template>	<template>		<p>Test</p>	</template></template>

It's worth mentioning that even if it shows nothing on screen, the template element is still in the DOM itself, waiting to be used in other ways. While explaining "why" an HTML template element renders nothing by default is outside the scope of this book, it is expected behavior.

However, if you add a v-for, v-if, or a v-slot (we'll touch on what a v-slot is in our "Accessing Children" chapter), it will remove the <template> and only render out the children.

This means that both:

<template>	<template v-if="true">		<p>Test</p>	</template></template>

And:

<template>	<template v-if="true">		<template v-if="true">			<template v-if="true">				<p>Test</p>			</template>		</template>	</template></template>

Will both render out to the following HTML:

<p>Test</p>

Of course, these rules don't apply to the root-level template, that acts as a container for our template code. It's a bit confusing at first, but makes sense when you practice more.

Challenge

Now that we understand how to render a transparent element (transparent to the DOM, anyway), let's build out an example where this would be useful.

Namely, let's assume that we want to build out a bar of buttons with a gap between them:

Four buttons are next to each other. "Delete", "Copy", "Favorite", and "Settings"

To do this with HTML, we might have the following template and styling:

<div	style="    display: 'inline-flex',	gap: 1rem;  ">	<button>Delete</button>	<button>Copy</button>	<button>Favorite</button>	<button>Settings</button></div>

However, what if we wanted to only display the first three buttons:

Delete
Copy
Favorite

Only when a file is selected?

Let's build this out using our favorite frameworks:

React
Angular
Vue

const FileActionButtons = ({ onDelete, onCopy, onFavorite }) => {	return (		<div>			<button onClick={onDelete}>Delete</button>			<button onClick={onCopy}>Copy</button>			<button onClick={onFavorite}>Favorite</button>		</div>	);};const ButtonBar = ({	onSettings,	onDelete,	onCopy,	onFavorite,	fileSelected,}) => {	return (		<div			style={{				display: "flex",				gap: "1rem",			}}		>			{fileSelected && (				<FileActionButtons					onDelete={onDelete}					onCopy={onCopy}					onFavorite={onFavorite}				/>			)}			<button onClick={onSettings}>Settings</button>		</div>	);};

@Component({	selector: "file-action-buttons",	standalone: true,	template: `		<div>			<button (click)="delete.emit()">Delete</button>			<button (click)="copy.emit()">Copy</button>			<button (click)="favorite.emit()">Favorite</button>		</div>	`,})class FileActionButtonsComponent {	@Output() delete = new EventEmitter();	@Output() copy = new EventEmitter();	@Output() favorite = new EventEmitter();}@Component({	selector: "button-bar",	standalone: true,	imports: [FileActionButtonsComponent],	template: `		<div style="display: flex; gap: 1rem">			@if (fileSelected) {				<file-action-buttons					(delete)="delete.emit()"					(copy)="copy.emit()"					(favorite)="favorite.emit()"				/>			}			<button (click)="settings.emit()">Settings</button>		</div>	`,})class ButtonBarComponent {	@Input() fileSelected!: boolean;	@Output() delete = new EventEmitter();	@Output() copy = new EventEmitter();	@Output() favorite = new EventEmitter();	@Output() settings = new EventEmitter();}

<!-- FileActionButtons.vue --><script setup>const emit = defineEmits(["delete", "copy", "favorite"]);</script><template>	<div>		<button @click="emit('delete')">Delete</button>		<button @click="emit('copy')">Copy</button>		<button @click="emit('favorite')">Favorite</button>	</div></template>

<!-- ButtonBar.vue --><script setup>import FileActionButtons from "./FileActionButtons.vue";const props = defineProps(["fileSelected"]);const emit = defineEmits(["delete", "copy", "favorite", "settings"]);</script><template>	<div style="display: flex; gap: 1rem">		<FileActionButtons			v-if="props.fileSelected"			@delete="emit('delete')"			@copy="emit('copy')"			@favorite="emit('favorite')"		/>		<button @click="emit('settings')">Settings</button>	</div></template>

Oh no! The rendered output isn't as we expected!

That's because when we used a div for our FileActionButtons component, it bypassed the gap property of CSS. To fix this, we can use our handy dandy nothing element:

React
Angular
Vue

// FileActionButtons<>	<button onClick={onDelete}>Delete</button>	<button onClick={onCopy}>Copy</button>	<button onClick={onFavorite}>Favorite</button></>

Final code output

@Component({	selector: "file-action-buttons",	standalone: true,	template: `		<ng-container>			<button (click)="delete.emit()">Delete</button>			<button (click)="copy.emit()">Copy</button>			<button (click)="favorite.emit()">Favorite</button>		</ng-container>	`,	styles: [		`			:host {				display: contents;			}		`,	],})class FileActionButtonsComponent {	// ...}

We can even simplify this by removing the ng-container, since Angular supports multiple elements at the root of the component template.

@Component({	selector: "file-action-buttons",	standalone: true,	template: `		<button (click)="delete.emit()">Delete</button>		<button (click)="copy.emit()">Copy</button>		<button (click)="favorite.emit()">Favorite</button>	`,	styles: [		`			:host {				display: contents;			}		`,	],})class FileActionButtonsComponent {	// ...}

Unlike the other frameworks we're talking about, Angular's components add in an HTML element in the DOM.

For example, here, our rendered markup looks like:
<div style="display: flex; gap: 1rem;">	<file-action-buttons>		<button>Delete</button>		<button>Copy</button>		<button>Favorite</button>	</file-action-buttons>	<button>Settings</button></div>
This causes our gap root to not apply to the inner buttons. To sidestep this, we need to use styles and tell our host component to treat the buttons container as if it doesn't exist.

Final code output

Because Vue's root <template> can support multiple elements without the need for v-if, v-for, or v-slot, we can do the following:

<!-- FileActionButtons.vue --><template>	<button @click="emit('delete')">Delete</button>	<button @click="emit('copy')">Copy</button>	<button @click="emit('favorite')">Favorite</button></template><!-- ... -->

Final code output

Previous articleDerived Values

Next article Passing Children

Transparent Elements

This article is part of a series: The Framework Field Guide - Fundamentals

Post contents

Fragment Alternative Syntax

Stacking Transparent Elements

Challenge

`Fragment` Alternative Syntax